HKSI Institute AR2021

83 香港證券及投資學會 二零二一年年報 2 Significant accounting policies (continued) (n) Provisions and contingent liabilities Provisions are recognised for liabilities of uncertain timing or amount when the Group or the Institute has a legal or constructive obligation arising as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made. Where the time value of money is material, provisions are stated at the present value of the expenditure expected to settle the obligation. Where it is not probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required, or the amount cannot be estimated reliably, the obligation is disclosed as a contingent liability, unless the probability of outflow of economic benefits is remote. Possible obligations, whose existence will only be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more future events are also disclosed as contingent liabilities unless the probability of outflow of economic benefits is remote. (o) Related parties (a) A person, or a close member of that person’s family, is related to the Group if that person: (i) has control or joint control over the Group; (ii) has significant influence over the Group; or (iii) is a member of the key management personnel of the Group or the Group’s parent. 2 主要會計政策 （續） (n) 撥備和或有負債 如果本集團或本會須就已發生的事 件承擔法定或推定義務，因而預期 會導致含有經濟效益的資源外流， 在可以作出可靠的估計時，本集團 或本會便會就該時間或數額不確定 的負債計提撥備。如果貨幣時間值 重大，則按預計所需支出的現值計 提撥備。 如果含有經濟效益的資源外流的可 能性較低，或是無法對有關數額作 出可靠的估計，便會將該義務披露 為或有負債，但資源外流的可能性 極低則除外。如果本集團的義務須 視乎某宗或多宗未來事件是否發生 才能確定是否存在，亦會披露為或 有負債，但資源外流的可能性極低 則除外。 (o) 關聯方 (a) 如屬以下人士，即該人士或 該人士的近親是本集團的關 聯方： (i) 控制或共同控制本集 團； (ii) 對本集團有重大影響 力；或 (iii) 是本集團或本集團母公 司的關鍵管理人員。