HKSI Institute AR2019

87 香港證券及投資學會 二零一九年年報 2 Significant accounting policies (Continued) (b) Basis of preparation of the financial statements These financial statements have been prepared under a historical cost basis. These financial statements presented in Hong Kong dollars (“HK$”), unless otherwise stated. The preparation of financial statements in conformity w i t h HKFRSs r equ i r es managemen t t o make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making the judgements about carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods. (c) Subsidiaries Subsidiaries are entities controlled by the Group. The Group controls an entity when it is exposed, or has the right to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns by its power over the entity. When assessing whether the Group has power, only substantive rights (held by the Group and other parties) are considered. Investments in subsidiaries are consolidated into the consolidated financial statements from the date that control commences until the date that control ceases. Intra-group balances, transactions and cash flows and any unrealised profits arising from intra-group transactions are eliminated in full in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Unrealised losses resulting from intra-group transactions are eliminated in the same way as unrealised gains but only to the extent that there is no evidence of impairment. 2 主要會計政策 （續） (b) 財務報表的編製基準 本財務報表是以歷史成本作為計 量基準編製。除非另有註明，否 則本財務報表均以港幣列示。 管理層需在編製符合《香港財務報 告準則》的財務報表時作出會對 會計政策的應用，以及資產、負 債、收入和支出的報告數額構成 影響的判斷、估計和假設。這些 估計和相關假設是根據以往經驗 和管理層因應當時情況認為合理 的多項其他因素作出的，其結果 構成了管理層在無法依循其他途 徑即時得知資產與負債的賬面值 時所作出判斷的基礎。實際結果 可能有別於估計數額。 管理層會不斷審閱各項估計和相 關假設。如果會計估計的修訂只 是影響某一期間，其影響便會在 該期間內確認；如果修訂對當前 和未來期間均有影響，則在作出 修訂的期間和未來期間確認。 (c) 附屬公司 附屬公司是指受本集團控制的實 體。當本集團可以或有權獲得參 與該實體活動產生的可變回報 時，並有能力通過對其實施控制 而影響該等回報時，該實體受本 集團控制。在評估本集團是否擁 有上述權力時，僅考慮（本集團和 其他方所持有的）實質權利。 於附屬公司的投資由控制開始當 日至控制終止當日在綜合財務報 表中合併計算。集團內部往來的 結餘、交易和現金流量，以及集 團內部交易所產生的任何未變現 溢利，會在編製綜合財務報表時 全數抵銷。 集團內部交易所引致未變現虧損 的抵銷方法與未變現收益相同， 但抵銷額只限於沒有證據顯示已 出現減值的部分。